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L2NbS Framework

A site-level assessment framework that establishes a transparent local baseline for planning restoration, productive reuse or Nature-based Solution pathways.

The Local Drone Assessment turns drone orthophotos and point clouds into an expert-reviewed site baseline: an interpreted waste footprint, local reference surface, volume evidence and transparent screening scenarios.

Discuss a site
Drone-derived positive height above a fitted local reference surface within the expert-interpreted landfill boundary.
Height above local referenceExample campaign: positive height within the interpreted boundary, calculated above the locally fitted reference surface. Illustrative, non-survey-grade output.

From territorial screening to site-level action.

Landfill Watch shows where to look. L2NbS Framework defines what to do next.

Landfill Watch identifies and prioritizes suspected landfill sites across large territories. The L2NbS Framework translates selected sites into field-based assessment, restoration scenarios and long-term monitoring indicators.

Global product

Landfill Watch

Territorial detection, monitoring and prioritization across large areas.

Local product

Restoration Framework

Assessment and transformation planning for a selected site.

Assess a site and define what comes next.

The framework brings spatial evidence, field inspection and local context into one site-level assessment process.

  1. 01

    Assess site conditions

    Assess site conditions using spatial analysis and UAV-supported field inspection.

  2. 02

    Select practical scenarios

    Select restoration, productive-reuse or utilization scenarios.

  3. 03

    Understand the local context

    Identify environmental risks, constraints and local opportunities.

  4. 04

    Define how to monitor

    Define indicators for long-term site monitoring.

From drone data to an expert-reviewed site baseline.

The assessment combines a drone orthophoto and LAS point cloud with an expert-interpreted boundary and local reference points. It links the current surface, fitted reference surface and positive height inside the reviewed footprint.

Three-panel assessment showing a drone-derived surface with local reference points, a fitted planar reference surface, and positive height within an expert-interpreted landfill boundary.
Reference-volume methodExample manual-reference assessment: current surface, fitted planar reference and positive height inside the interpreted boundary.
Drone-derived surface model and local reference points within and around the expert-interpreted landfill boundary.
Measured surface
Planar local reference surface fitted within the expert-interpreted landfill boundary using surrounding reference points.
Fitted reference surface
Drone-derived positive height above a fitted local reference surface within the expert-interpreted landfill boundary.
Height above local reference
  1. 01

    Prepare the drone evidence

    Use the drone orthophoto as visual context and aggregate the LAS point cloud into a site-level digital surface model. In the example report, the preferred DSM uses p95 aggregation at 0.5-metre resolution.

  2. 02

    Review the visible footprint

    An expert interprets the waste boundary and places local reference points on stable road, perimeter and surrounding ground surfaces.

  3. 03

    Construct a local baseline

    Fit a planar reference surface, calculate positive height inside the reviewed boundary and apply a height cap to reduce spike influence.

  4. 04

    Screen scenarios and expose uncertainty

    Report site geometry, validate vertical alignment and explore assumption-based waste-mass and methane-potential ranges alongside QA and limitations.

One demonstration campaign

These values illustrate a single manual expert-reviewed assessment. They are site-specific outputs, not general product-performance benchmarks.

Reviewed footprint
3.0887 ha
Local reference points
32 / 32 good
Estimated planar volume
225,871 m³
Mean positive height
7.34 m

Outputs from the example assessment.

Geometry and QA outputs establish the site baseline. Composition and methane-potential views explore explicit assumptions; they do not identify materials or measure emissions.

Drone-derived p95 digital surface model of the assessment area, colored by elevation in metres.
Surface modelThe example report uses a p95 digital surface model at 0.5-metre resolution as the preferred analysis surface.
Bar chart comparing assumption-based waste-mass ranges for inert-dominant, mixed-baseline and organic-sensitive composition scenarios.
Mass screeningFor this example campaign, configurable composition and density assumptions produce a screening range—not a material classification.
Bar chart comparing screening-level methane-potential ranges expressed in tonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalent for three composition scenarios.
Methane-potential screeningFor this example campaign, methane-potential scenarios provide an early screening range, not measured emissions, certification evidence or an MRV-grade result.

Scenario ranges in this example

These ranges use configurable composition, density and methane-potential assumptions; they are not measured composition or emissions.

ScenarioEstimated mass rangeMethane-potential range
Inert dominant228,695–361,959 t5,752–60,475 t CO₂e
Mixed baseline177,874–306,056 t12,325–112,844 t CO₂e
Organic sensitive144,558–266,528 t15,753–140,896 t CO₂e

A consistent chain from spatial evidence to site-level action.

Identification and prioritization establish where to focus. Validation and transformation planning define the pathway for a selected site.

  1. 01Identify

    Detect suspected sites

    Use Earth observation data, AI and contextual layers to identify sites for review.

  2. 02Prioritize

    Rank what needs attention

    Prioritize sites by risk, feasibility and decision relevance.

  3. 03Validate

    Confirm site conditions

    Confirm site conditions with field evidence and local knowledge.

  4. 04Transform

    Define the pathway

    Define restoration, reuse or Nature-based Solution pathways with stakeholders.

Define a practical pathway for the site.

Bring spatial analysis, field evidence and local knowledge together to evaluate restoration, productive reuse or Nature-based Solution pathways and establish indicators for long-term monitoring.